Brusatte, S. L. et al. Tyrannosaur paleobiology: New research on ancient exemplar organisms. Science 329, 1481–1485 (2010).
Holtz, T. R. in The Dinosauria (eds D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osmolska) 111–136 (University of California Press, 2004).
Weishampel, D. B. et al. in The Dinosauria (eds D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osmolska) 517–606 (University of California Press, 2004).
Osborn, H. F. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bull. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. 35, 733–771 (1905).
Brochu, C. A. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. Mem. 7, 1–138 (2003).
Gignac, P. M. & Erickson, G. M. The biomechanics behind extreme osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–10 (2017).
Sampson, S. D. & Loewen, M. A. Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn formation of Utah: Biogeographic and paleoecologic implications. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 25, 469–472 (2005).
Hutchinson, J. R., Bates, K. T., Molnar, J., Allen, V. & Makovicky, P. J. A computational analysis of limb and body dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with implications for locomotion, ontogeny, and growth. PLoS ONE 6, e26037 (2011).
Brusatte, S. L. & Carr, T. D. The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs. Sci. Rep. 6, 20252 (2016).
Carr, T. D., Varricchio, D. J., Sedlmayr, J. C., Roberts, E. M. & Moore, J. R. A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–11 (2017).
Carr, T. D. A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence. PeerJ 8, e9192 (2020).
Hurum, J. H. & Sabath, K. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 48, 1–10 (2003).
Hone, D. W. et al. A new, large tyrannosaurine theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Cretaceous Res. 32, 495–503 (2011).
Loewen, M. A., Irmis, R. B., Sertich, J. J., Currie, P. J. & Sampson, S. D. Tyrant dinosaur evolution tracks the rise and fall of Late Cretaceous oceans. PLoS ONE 8, e79420 (2013).
Warshaw, E. A. & Fowler, D. W. A transitional species of Daspletosaurus Russell, 1970 from the Judith River Formation of eastern Montana. PeerJ 10, e14461 (2022).
Dalman, S. G., Lucas, S. G., Jasinski, S. E. & Longrich, N. R. Sierraceratops turneri, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Hall Lake Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central New Mexico. Cretaceous Res. 130, 105034 (2022).
Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E. A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico. New Mexico Museum Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 17, 113–145 (2000).
Gillette, D., Wolberg, D. & Hunt, A. Tyrannosaurus rex from the McRae Formation (Lancian, Upper Cretaceous), Elephant Butte Reservoir, Sierra County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geol. Soc. Guidebook 37, 235–238 (1986).
Lozinsky, R. P., Hunt, A. P., Wolberg, D. L. & Lucas, S. Late Cretaceous (Lancian) dinosaurs from the McRae Formation, Sierra County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geol. 6, 7 (1984).
Lehman, T. M. & Carpenter, K. A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico. J. Paleontol. 64, 1026–1032 (1990).
Lucas, S. G., Nelson, W. J., Krainer, K. & Elrick, S. D. The Cretaceous System in central Sierra County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geol. 41, 3–39 (2019).
Amato, J. M., Mack, G. H., Jonell, T. N., Seager, W. R. & Upchurch, G. R. (2017). Onset of the Laramide orogeny and associated magmatism in southern New Mexico based on U-Pb geochronology. Bulletin 129, 1209–1226.
Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E. Bistahieversor sealeyi, gen. et sp. nov., a new tyrannosauroid from New Mexico and the origin of deep snouts in Tyrannosauroidea. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 30, 1–16 (2010).
Currie, P. J. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 48, 191–226 (2003).
Persons, W. S. IV., Currie, P. J. & Erickson, G. M. An older and exceptionally large adult specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex. Anat. Rec. 303, 656–672 (2020).
Larson, P. The case for Nanotyrannus. Tyrannosaurid paleobiology, 15–53 (2013).
Fiorillo, A. R. & Tykoski, R. S. A diminutive new tyrannosaur from the top of the world. PLoS ONE 9, e91287 (2014).
Nesbitt, S. J. et al. A mid-Cretaceous tyrannosauroid and the origin of North American end-Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 892–899 (2019).
Longrich, N. R., Horner, J. R., Erickson, G. M. & Currie, P. J. Cannibalism in Tyrannosaurus rex. PLoS ONE 5(10), e13419 (2010).
Erickson, G. M. & Olson, K. H. Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: preliminary description and implications. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 16, 175–178 (1996).
Paul, G. S., Persons, W. S. & Van Raalte, J. The Tyrant Lizard King, queen and emperor: Multiple lines of morphological and stratigraphic evidence support subtle evolution and probable speciation within the North American genus Tyrannosaurus. Evol. Biol. 49, 156–179 (2022).
Carpenter, K. Variation. in Tyrannosaurus rex. Dinosaur systematics: perspectives and approaches, 141–145 (1990).
Larson, P. Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex. Tyrannosaurus rex, the tyrant king, 103–128 (2008).
Carr, T. D. et al. Insufficient evidence for multiple species of Tyrannosaurus in the latest Cretaceous of North America: A comment on “The Tyrant Lizard King, queen and emperor: Multiple lines of morphological and stratigraphic evidence support subtle evolution and probable speciation within the North American genus Tyrannosaurus”. Evol. Biol. 1, 1–15 (2022).
Brusatte, S. L., Carr, T. D., Erickson, G. M., Bever, G. S. & Norell, M. A long-snouted, multihorned tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 17251–17266 (2009).
Loewen, M. A. et al. in New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium (eds M. J. Ryan, B. J. Chinnery, & D. A. Eberth) 99–116 (Indiana University Press, 2010).
Wick, S. L. & Lehman, T. M. A new ceratopsian dinosaur from the Javelina Formation (Maastrichtian) of West Texas and implications for chasmosaurine phylogeny. Naturwissenschaften https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-013-1063-0 (2013).
Wolberg, D. L., Lozinsky, R. P. & Hunt, A. P. Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian-Lancian) vertebrate paleontology of the McRae Formation, Elephant Butte area, Sierra County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geol. Soc. Guidebook 37, 227–334 (1986).
Williamson, T. E. & Weil, A. Stratigraphic distribution of sauropods in the Upper Cretaceous of San Juan Basin, New Mexico, with comments on North America’s Cretaceous “Sauropod Hiatus”. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 28, 1218–1223 (2008).
Lehman, T. M., McDowell, F. W. & Connelly, J. N. First isotopic (U-PB) age for the Late Cretaceous Alamosaurus vertebrate fauna of West Texas, and its significance as a link between two faunal provinces. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 26, 922–928 (2006).
Ramezani, J., Beveridge, T. L., Rogers, R. R., Eberth, D. A. & Roberts, E. M. Calibrating the zenith of dinosaur diversity in the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin by CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology. Sci. Rep. 12, 16026 (2022).
Fowler, D. W. Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America. PLoS ONE 12, e0188426 (2017).
Campione, N. E. Hadrosaurs (Indiana University Press, 2015).
Kirkland, J. I. et al. Large hadrosaurine dinosaurs from the latest Campanian of Coahuila, Mexico. New Mexico Museum Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 35, 299–315 (2006).
Eberth, D. A. & Kamo, S. L. High-precision U-PB CA–ID–TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River Valley, Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 57, 1220–1237 (2020).
Longrich, N. R. Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico. Cretaceous Res. 32, 264–276 (2011).
Lehman, T. M. Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the Western Interior of North America. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 60, 189–217 (1987).
Sampson, S. D. et al. New horned dinosaurs from Utah provide evidence for intracontinental dinosaur endemism. PLoS ONE 5, e12292 (2010).
Lawson, D. A. Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus, Maestrichtian dinosaurs from Trans-Pecos, Texas. J. Paleontol. 50, 158–164 (1976).
Wick, S. L. New evidence for the possible occurrence of Tyrannosaurus in West Texas, and discussion of Maastrichtian tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from Big Bend National Park. Cretaceous Res. 50, 52–58 (2014).
Voris, J. T., Therrien, F., Zelenitsky, D. K. & Brown, C. M. A new tyrannosaurine (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) from the Campanian Foremost Formation of Alberta, Canada, provides insight into the evolution and biogeography of tyrannosaurids. Cretaceous Res. 110, 104388 (2020).
Prieto-Márquez, A. Skeletal morphology of Kritosaurus navajovius (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the North American south-west, with an evaluation of the phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of Kritosaurini. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 12, 133–175 (2014).
Prieto-Márquez, A., Chiappe, L. M. & Joshi, S. H. The lambeosaurine dinosaur Magnapaulia laticaudus from the Late Cretaceous of Baja California, Northwestern Mexico. PLoS ONE 7, e38207 (2012).
Fronimos, J. A. & Lehman, T. M. New specimens of a titanosaur sauropod from the Maastrichtian of Big Bend National Park, Texas. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 34, 883–899 (2014).
Burness, G. P., Diamond, J. & Flannery, T. Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98, 14518–15523 (2001).
Ronquist, F. et al. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61, 539–542 (2012).
Yu, Y., Blair, C. & He, X. RASP 4: Ancestral state reconstruction tool for multiple genes and characters. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 604–606 (2020).
Dr. Thomas Hughes is a UK-based scientist and science communicator who makes complex topics accessible to readers. His articles explore breakthroughs in various scientific disciplines, from space exploration to cutting-edge research.